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About the Product

Author(s) and/or Contributor(s): Jeff Liu, Larry McGrath, Christian Tarsney, Adam Torson, Liz Viera

Description: Topic analysis and evidence for the November/December 2012 LD topic. Subjects covered include the rising costs of healthcare, the direct and indirect costs of a large uninsured population, various systems of achieving universal healthcare, comparisons of state-delivered healthcare to free markets, and much more.

File Index

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

Topic Analysis by Larry McGrath……………………………………………………………. 8

Topic Analysis by Christian Tarsney…………………………………………………….. 16

Topic Analysis by Adam Torson………………………………………………………………. 28

Topic Analysis by Liz Vieira……………………………………………………………………….. 36

FRAMEWORK EVIDENCE…………………………………………………………………………………. 46

THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE DEFINED………………………………………………………. 46

SINGLE PAYER SYSTEM DEFINED…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47

SINGLE PAYER DISTINGUISHED FROM SOCIALIZED MEDICINE………………………………………………………… 48

THE SUPREME COURT HAS UPHELD THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF AN INDIVIDUAL HEALTH INSURANCE MANDATE AS AN APPLICATION OF CONGRESS’S POWER TO TAX………………………………………………………………………………….. 49

HEALTHCARE COSTS IN THE UNITED STATES ARE EXTREMELY HIGH……………………………………………. 50

FRAGMENTED PRIVATE SYSTEMS ARE INEFFICIENT, BUT HEALTHCARE REFORM IS LARGELY A POLITICAL ISSUE.   51

AFFIRMATIVE EVIDENCE…………………………………………………………………………………. 52

Uninsured People………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52

MANY AMERICANS, EVEN THOSE IN THE MIDDLE CLASS, DO NOT HAVE SUFFICIENT HEALTH INSURANCE   52

MEDICAID CAN ONLY PARTIALLY OFFSET THE LOSS OF EMPLOYER-BASED HEALTH INSURANCE 53

A VARIETY OF INDICATORS DEMONSTRATE THAT THE UNINSURED DO NOT RECEIVE NEEDED MEDICAL CARE AND HAVE MARKEDLY WORSE HEALTH OUTCOMES…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 54

THE UNINSURED SUFFER EMOTIONALLY AND FINANCIALLY……………………………………………………………. 55

A LARGE NUMBER OF UNINSURED AMERICANS IS HARMFUL EVEN TO THOSE WHO DO HAVE INSURANCE  56

OBAMACARE DOES NOT GO FAR ENOUGH………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57

Direct Healthcare Costs……………………………………………………………………………………… 58

THE PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES DRIVES DRAMATICALLY HIGHER HEALTH CARE COSTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 58

THE COST OF ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE IS SIGNIFICANT BUT MANAGEABLE……………. 59

UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS COMBINED WITH COST CONTROL MEASURES CAN REDUCE OVERALL COSTS TO THE SYSTEM IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 60

Indirect Healthcare Costs…………………………………………………………………………………… 61

THERE ARE ENORMOUS HIDDEN COSTS TO A HIGH UNINSURANCE RATE……………………………………. 61

HIGH LEVELS OF UNINSURED CITIZENS ARE VERY COSTLY TO COMMUNITIES…………………………….. 62

WIDESPREAD UNINSURANCE CREATES ECONOMIC INEFFICIENCY……………………………………………….. 63

THE ADVANTAGES OF UNIVERSAL COVERAGE ACCRUE TO EVERYONE, NOT JUST INDIVIDUALS WHO USE THEIR INSURANCE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64

MANY BANKRUPTCIES ARE CAUSED BY HEALTH DEBT…………………………………………………………………….. 65

Distributive Justice……………………………………………………………………………………………… 66

HEALTHCARE SERVICES ARE ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT IN QUESTIONS OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE BECAUSE HEALTH AFFECTS OUR RANGE OF OPPORTUNITIES IN SOCIAL LIFE……………………………………………………………………………….. 66

ANY HEALTHCARE SYSTEM DESIGNED TO ADDRESS EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY MUST BE UNIVERSAL AND BE ABLE TO RATION LIMITED RESOURCES FAIRLY………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67

RELATIVE ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN DETERMINING HEALTH OUTCOMES             68

INVESTMENT IN HUMAN CAPITAL IS A STRONG PREDICTOR OF HEALTH……………………………………….. 69

TO BE JUST, HEALTHCARE RATIONING DECISIONS MUST MEET FOUR CONDITIONS……………………. 70

IT IS DIFFICULT FOR PRIVATE INSURANCE FIRMS TO JUSTLY DENY COVERAGE ON THE BASIS OF COST        71

UNEQUAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE INDICATES A LACK OF EQUAL RESPECT…………………………….. 72

SIMPLY PROVIDING EVERYONE WITH A BASIC MINIMUM INCOME IS INSUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE HEALTHCARE COVERAGE     73

UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE IS MORE EQUITABLE AND EFFECTIVE…………………………………………………… 74

RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE TO HEALTHCARE ACCOUNTS FOR THE FACT THAT SOCIAL DETERMINANTS ARE FUNDAMENTAL CAUSES OF DISEASE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75

RIGHT TO HEALTH HAS BASIS IN SOCIAL JUSTICE AND UTILITARIAN VIEWS………………………………….. 76

Human Dignity, Autonomy, and Community………………………………………………………………. 77

UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE HAS A MORAL FOUNDATION IN RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY………… 77

EQUAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE ACTUALLY EXPANDS FREEDOM BY BOTH PROTECTING HEALTH AND RESPECTING THE RIGHT OF THE POLITY TO SHAPE ITS OWN POLICIES…………………………………………………………………………. 78

TO CLAIM THAT EQUAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE IS PATERNALISTIC WOULD REQUIRE SAYING THAT ALL PROGRAMS DESIGNED TO PROTECT SOCIETY’S INTERESTS ARE PATERNALISTIC……………………………………………. 79

HEALTHCARE REFORM HAS BEEN UNDERMINED BY PRIVATE FIRMS CORRUPTING THE POLITICAL PROCESS            80

FAILURE TO PURSUE UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE IN THE U.S. IS A REFLECTION OF A LACK OF STRONG COMMUNITY SOLIDARITY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81

DISCRIMINATORY ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE IS NOT JUST A HEALTH ISSUE – IT’S A DEMOCRACY ISSUE.     82

Social Contract and Right to Healthcare……………………………………………………………… 83

THE LOCKEAN CONCERN FOR LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY REQUIRES THE GUARANTEE OF UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE   83

THE LOCKEAN JUSTIFICATION FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE IS PREFERABLE TO ONE BASED ON DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE BECAUSE IT IS CONCERNED WITH FREEDOM, LIFE AND PROPERTY RATHER THAN EQUALITY OF DISTRIBUTION        84

THE INDIVIDUAL MANDATE DOES NOT VIOLATE THE NEUTRALITY REQUIREMENT OF A LIBERAL STATE         85

IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAINTAIN STRICT STATE NEUTRALITY TOWARD ALL SOCIAL VALUES WITHOUT LOSING EVEN CORE STATE FUNCTIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 86

RIGHT TO HEALTH ENTAILS BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OBLIGATIONS FOR GOVERNMENTS.. 87

RIGHTS FRAMEWORK MAKES LINK BETWEEN HEALTH AND DEMOCRACY EXPLICIT AND PLACES HEALTH POLICY DECISIONS INTO THE DOMAIN OF LAW……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88

RIGHTS DISCOURSE GOOD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 89

MORE REASONS HEALTH OUGHT TO BE TREATED AS A RIGHT……………………………………………………….. 90

THE CURRENT US HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IS DISCRIMINATORY AND UNFAIR – VIOLATES RIGHTS ENSHRINED IN INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC LAW………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 91

Implementing Universal Health Care: Patient Health and System Efficiency……………….. 92

ALLOWING THE PURCHASE OF MEDICAL CARE ABOVE THE ACCESS GRANTED TO EVERYONE WILL CREATE A DRAIN ON MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS INTO THE PRIVATE SPHERE…………………………………………………………………… 92

FORCING THOSE WHO MAKE RISKY HEALTH CHOICES TO BEAR ADDITIONAL COSTS REQUIRES EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE    93

UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE REQUIRES A SIGNIFICANT ROLE FOR GOVERNMENT…….. 94

IF SOCIETY IS COMMITTED TO PROVIDING ACUTE EMERGENCY CARE TO ANYONE REGARDLESS OF NEEDING, MANDATING INSURANCE COVERAGE IS THE ONLY WAY TO ENSURE THAT EVERYONE PAYS HIS FAIR SHARE OF THE STATISTICALLY FORESEEABLE COSTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 95

CONSENSUS IS THAT UHC IS A FUNDAMENTAL GOAL—PROBLEM IS IMPLEMENTATION……………… 96

ANY OF VARIOUS FINANCIAL PLANS COULD BE EFFECTIVE, BUT THE U.S. MUST BE REALISTIC AND WILLING TO HAVE A CANDID DEBATE ABOUT TAXES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 97

POLITICAL OPPOSITION STOPS CONSIDERATION OF SINGLE PAYER SYSTEM, BUT COULD STILL WORK AT STATE LEVEL        98

REFORMS RESULT IN UNIVERSAL COVERAGE, REDUCED COST AND CARE FOCUSED DELIVERY. 99

SINGLE PAYER SYSTEMS SOLVE………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 100

PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP CHECKS COSTS…………………………………………………………………………….. 101

ECONOMIC MODELS INDICATE SINGLE PAYER SYSTEM WOULD WORK……………………………………….. 102

VERMONT SINGLE PAYER HAS FEDERAL BACKING AND PROVIDES A TEMPLATE FOR THE NATION. 103

EMPIRICALLY NATIONS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO CONTAIN THE COSTS OF UHC EFFECTIVELY WITHOUT GENERATING PROBLEMATIC WAITING LISTS FOR MEDICAL SERVICES…………………………………………………………………. 104

UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS, WHILE LESS SPECIALIST DRIVEN, ARE MORE EFFICIENT. 105

UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS PRODUCE HIGHER PATIENT SATISFACTION…………………….. 106

FRENCH HEALTHCARE—AN INSTANCE OF UHC—IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD…………………………… 107

FRENCH SYSTEM PRODUCES HIGH SATISFACTION AMONG CITIZENS………………………………………….. 108

International Law………………………………………………………………………………………………. 109

THE RIGHT TO HEALTHCARE IS CODIFIED IN INTERNATIONAL LAW—RIGHTS PARADIGM KEY TO GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 109

THE UDHR, ICESCR, AND WHO CONSTITUTION ALL ENSHRINE THE RIGHT TO HEALTH. THE STATE IS OBLIGATED TO LEVEL THE SOCIAL PLAYING FIELD WITH REGARD TO HEALTH, WITHIN A STANDARD OF REASONABLENESS. 110

THERE’S BROAD INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON THE RIGHT TO HEALTH………………………………… 111

US VIOLATES INTERNATIONAL LAW BY NOT ADOPTING UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE…………………… 112

US IS SIGNATORY TO A PLETHORA OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS REQUIRING RESPECT FOR THE RIGHT TO HEALTH.     113

THE CURRENT US HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IS DISCRIMINATORY AND UNFAIR – VIOLATES RIGHTS ENSHRINED IN INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC LAW……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 114

NEGATIVE EVIDENCE…………………………………………………………………………………….. 115

Libertarianism……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 115

GOVERNMENT WOULD NOT COMPENSATE PEOPLE FOR OTHER ARBITRARY ADVANTAGES; IT SHOULDN’T TRY TO DO SO IN HEALTHCARE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115

A PRINCIPLE OF EQUAL ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE REQUIRES DENYING THE WEALTHY THE FREEDOM TO BUY ADDITIONAL HEALTHCARE COVERAGE IN THE FREE MARKET…………………………………………………………………………….. 116

FREE MARKET HEALTHCARE BETTER RESPECTS THE PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY…………………….. 117

MARKET BASED HEALTHCARE IS PREFERABLE BECAUSE IT DOES NOT IMPOSE PARTICULAR VALUES ON THE POPULATION AS A WHOLE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 118

LIBERTY RIGHTS INCOMPATIBLE WITH UHC……………………………………………………………………………………… 119

RIGHT TO HEALTHCARE IMPOSES OBLIGATION OF PROVISION……………………………………………………… 120

RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH TREATING OTHERS AS ENDS IN THEMSELVES. 121

Free Market Good / More Efficient……………………………………………………………………… 122

THE BEST WAY TO ELIMINATE WASTE IN HEALTHCARE EXPENDITURE IS TO LET PEOPLE CONTROL THEIR OWN HEALTHCARE SPENDING………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 122

RETURNING CONTROL OF HEALTH SPENDING TO CONSUMERS REQUIRES EQUALIZING TAX BREAKS AND INSTITUTING A MEDICARE VOUCHER PROGRAM……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 123

TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY IN THE HEALTHCARE SECTOR WE SHOULD ELIMINATE BARRIERS TO SELLING MEDICAL SERVICES AND HEALTH INSURANCE ACROSS STATE LINES…………………………………………………………………………….. 124

MARKET-BASED REFORMS DO A BETTER JOB EXPANDING HEALTHCARE COVERAGE……………… 125

INEFFICIENCY IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM MEANS THAT WE ARE ABLE TO ALLEVIATE LESS SUFFERING  126

PRIVATE FIRMS ARE MORE ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT THAN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES BECAUSE THEIR SUCCESS IN THE MARKET IS DEPENDENT ON THEIR EFFICIENCY……………………………………………………………………………….. 127

THE STATE IS LESS EFFICIENT AT ADMINISTERING HEALTHCARE THAN THE FREE MARKET BECAUSE IT IS SUBJECT TO LOBBYING BY SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS………………………………………………………………………………………. 128

ALLOCATING RESOURCES BASED ON LOBBYING POWER IS INEFFICIENT……………………………………. 129

FUNDING HEALTHCARE THROUGH TAXES IS LESS EFFICIENT BECAUSE PEOPLE ENGAGE IN TAX-AVOIDANT BEHAVIOR        130

EVEN IF IT IS TRUE THAT HEALTH CARE SHOULD BE DISTRIBUTED ON THE BASIS OF NEED, IT DOES NOT FOLLOW THAT THE FREE MARKET IS NOT THE BEST MECHANISM TO ACHIEVE THAT………………………………………………….. 131

ALTRUISM IS NOT A MORAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE PROVISION OF HEALTH CARE………………….. 132

BECAUSE MARKETS ARE MORE ECONOMICALLY EFFICIENT, UTILITARIANS WILL SUPPORT FREE-MARKET BASED HEALTHCARE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 133

UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE IS LESS EFFICIENT………………………………………………………………………………….. 134

PUBLIC OPTION DESTROYS THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY……………………………………………………………….. 135

US HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS WOULD BE SOLVED WITH MORE PRO-MARKET REFORM, NOT MORE GOVERNMENT CONTROL.  136

INCREASING HEALTHCARE COMPETITION LOWERS COSTS…………………………………………………………… 137

Overutilization and Costs…………………………………………………………………………………… 138

GOVERNMENT HEALTHCARE SUBSIDIES CAUSE OVER-UTILIZATION OF HEALTH SERVICES; CASH DISTRIBUTIONS ARE THE PREFERABLE WAY TO HELP THE POOR…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 138

OVERUTILIZATION OF HEALTHCARE IS A MAJOR DRIVER OF HEALTHCARE COSTS IN THE UNITED STATES   139

COSTS OF UHC ARE UNSUSTAINABLE……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 140

UHC IS PLAGUED BY RISING COSTS…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141

COSTS ARE INCREASING AND MANY ARE UNCOVERED, EVEN WITH OBAMACARE……………………. 142

MEDICARE WILL BANKRUPT THE US………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 143

Scarcity, Rationing, and Quality of Care……………………………………………………………… 144

THE SUPPOSED RIGHT TO A DECENT MINIMUM OF HEALTH IS MANIFESTLY IMPLAUSIBLE……….. 144

DANIELS’ ARGUMENT FOR A DECENT MINIMUM OF HEALTHCARE FAILS TO ADEQUATELY ACCOUNT FOR THE PROBLEM OF SCARCE RESOURCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 145

1.7 MILLION CANADIANS HAVE NO ACCESS TO COVERAGE……………………………………………………………. 146

CANADA HAS HUGE WAIT TIMES AND SHORTAGE OF SPACE…………………………………………………………. 147

THOUSANDS ABANDON GOVERNMENT HEALTHCARE AND COME TO THE US FOR THE BEST TREATMENT.   148

Innovation………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 149

SINGLE PAYER KILLS INNOVANTION OF CLINICAL REIMBURSEMENT……………………………………………. 149

SINGLE PAYER CREATES A SENSE OF “GOOD ENOUGH” – KILLS INCENTIVE FOR INNOVATION… 150

SINGLE PAYER DOESN’T ACCOUNT FOR INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE – KILLS INNOVATION………….. 151

US LEADS MEDICAL INNOVATION IN THE SQUO – PRODUCT OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR COALITION.  152

MEDICAL INNOVANTION FACES MULTIPLE CHALLENGES – ONLY PUBLIC-PRIVATE COLLABORATION CAN SOLVE.     153

WELL-BALANCED APPROACH KEY TO MAINTAINING US LEADERSHIP IN MEDICAL INNOVATION. 154

PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP KEY TO SOLVE FDA INCONSISTENCY IN REGULATORY REVIEW. 155

Moral Hazard……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 156

PROVIDING HEALTH INSURANCE TO PEOPLE WITH PRE-EXISTING CONDITIONS INCENTIVIZES UNHEALTHY BEHAVIOR           156

UNIVERSAL HEALTHCARE IS UNFAIR TO HEALTH-CONSCIOUS CITIZENS…………………………………….. 157

A2 Right to Healthcare………………………………………………………………………………………. 158

TO SAY THAT PEOPLE OUGHT TO HAVE A DECENT MINIMUM OF HEALTHCARE IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THERE IS A RIGHT TO SUCH HEALTHCARE……………………………………………………………………………………….. 158

BENEFICENCE MAY BE A VERY STRONG MORAL INTEREST, BUT THAT DOES NOT MAKE IT A RIGHT; THIS IS PROBLEMATIC FOR RAWLSIAN THEORY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 159

UTILITARIANISM DOES NOT JUSTIFY A UNIVERSAL RIGHT TO A BASIC MINIMUM OF HEALTHCARE 160

RAWLSIAN THEORY IS INSUFFICIENT TO JUSTIFY A RIGHT TO BASIC MINIMUM HEALTHCARE….. 161

DANIELS’ ARGUMENT FROM EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY CREATES IMPOSSIBLY STRONG OBLIGATIONS      162

US CONSTITUTION GUARANTEES BASIC LIBERTY RIGHTS, BUT NOT RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE…. 163

A2 Distributive Justice……………………………………………………………………………………….. 164

THE GUARANTEE TO A NORMAL RANGE OF OPPORTUNITY DEPENDS ON THE RANGE OF HEALTH SERVICES ALREADY AVAILABLE, MAKING THE PRINCIPLE BOTH CIRCULAR AND OVERLY CONSERVATIVE……………….. 164

A2: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act………………………………………………….. 165

THE INDIVIDUAL MANDATE LACKS CONSTITUTIONAL DUE PROCESS PROTECTIONS………………… 165

INDIVIDUALS SUBJECT TO THE TAX FOR NOT BUYING HEALTH INSURANCE DO NOT HAVE ADEQUATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR APPELLATE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 166

THE CLAIM THAT OBAMACARE ALLOWS YOU TO KEEP YOUR OWN HEALTH INSURANCE IS FALSE 167

OBAMACARE MEANS THAT INDIVIDUALS WILL PAY MORE IN TAXES AND HEALTH CARE COSTS 168

OBAMACARE WILL HARM THE QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE……………………………………………………………… 169

Implementation Problems and Federalism……………………………………………………………… 170

UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE WILL FAIL UNLESS TIED TO A PROPERLY DESIGNED DELIVERY SYSTEM—AN ISSUE ON WHICH THERE IS RADICAL DISAGREEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES…………………………………………………………. 170

FEDERALISM DA LINK…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171

AN INDIVIDUAL INSURANCE MANDATE IS NOT REQUIRED TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF ADVERSE SELECTION            172

NO SINGLE CONCEPT OF UHC – FOREIGN SYSTEMS NOT NECESSARILY APPLICABLE TO THE US 173

UHC DOES NOT GUARANTEE UNIVERSAL COVERAGE……………………………………………………………………. 174

COUNTRIES ARE MOVING AWAY FROM GOVERNMENT-RUN SYSTEMS………………………………………… 175

Personal Insurance Alt……………………………………………………………………………………… 176

EMPLOYER BASED INSURANCE IS ILLOGICAL AND AROSE OUT OF UNIQUE CONDITIONS………… 176

EMPLOYER BASED INSURANCES CAUSES OVER-CONSUMPTION AND MAKES POST-EMPLOYMENT INSURANCE DIFFICULT TO ACQUIRE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 177

MAKING INSURANCE PERSONAL SOLVES, INCREASES COVERAGE……………………………………………… 178

Help the Poor Alt……………………………………………………………………………………………… 179

GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSIDIZE HEALTH INSURANCE FOR THE POOR AND NOBODY ELSE… 179

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If you do not want to order online, and would prefer to send in your order using email, fax, mail or phone, download and print the ORDER FORM.

If you have questions, please email help@victorybriefs.com or call 310-472-6364.